From B7 to Inconel — it’s on the floor.
Every fastener starts with certified material. We stock the full range of ASTM bolting grades and the special alloys the energy industry runs on — each lot traceable to its heat, each certificate a click away.
Chemistry, properties and the fasteners we make in each.
ASTM A193 Grade B7
The workhorse alloy-steel bolting grade for flanges, valves and pressure equipment — 125 ksi tensile, quenched and tempered 4140.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B7M
B7 tempered to 22 HRC max for sour service — the NACE MR0175 bolting grade for wellheads, sour gas and H₂S process piping.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B16
Vanadium-strengthened Cr-Mo bolting that holds its strength where B7 starts to relax — steam turbines, HP steam flanges and hot valve bonnets.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B5
5 Cr-½ Mo bolting for hot, sulfur-bearing refinery service — the grade that matches P5 piping and furnace hardware.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 Grade B6 (410 Stainless)
Hardenable 410 stainless bolting — 110 ksi with corrosion resistance B7 lacks, for valve trim, steam and mildly corrosive service.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8 Class 1 (304 Stainless)
304 stainless bolting — Class 1 for corrosion resistance and cryogenic-to-1500 °F service, Class 2 strain hardened to 125 ksi for strength.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8 Class 2 (304 Strain Hardened)
304 stainless bolting cold worked after solution treatment — 125 ksi tensile in ¾ in. and under, with strength stepping down by diameter to 1½ in.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8M Class 1 (316 Stainless)
316 stainless bolting with molybdenum for chloride and pitting resistance — offshore, marine, chemical and coastal plant fasteners.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8M Class 2 (316 Strain Hardened)
316 stainless bolting cold worked after solution treatment — 110 ksi tensile in ¾ in. and under, with B8M2 and B8M3 classes for diameters to 3 in. and beyond.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8C Class 1 (347 Stainless)
347 stainless bolting stabilised with niobium against sensitisation — for hot hydrogen, refinery and welded stainless service between 800 and 1500 °F.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8C Class 2 (347 Strain Hardened)
Niobium-stabilized 347 bolting cold worked to 125 ksi tensile in ¾ in. and under — strength for moderate-temperature joints that must not sensitize.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8T Class 1 (321 Stainless)
321 stainless bolting stabilised with titanium — the match for 321 piping and vessels in hot, cyclic and welded service.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8T Class 2 (321 Strain Hardened)
Titanium-stabilized 321 bolting cold worked to 125 ksi tensile in ¾ in. and under — a stronger stabilized bolt for welded stainless equipment at moderate temperature.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8R (Nitronic 50 / XM-19)
Nitronic 50 bolting — twice the yield strength of 316 with better seawater corrosion resistance and no loss of ductility, non-magnetic even after cold work.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8S (Nitronic 60)
Nitronic 60 bolting — the anti-galling stainless: 95 ksi, non-magnetic, and threads that will not seize against other stainless steels.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8P Class 1 (305 Stainless)
305 stainless bolting — the low-work-hardening 18-8 for cold-headed and deep-formed fasteners that must stay non-magnetic.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8P Class 2 (305 Strain Hardened)
High-nickel 305 bolting cold worked to 125 ksi tensile in ¾ in. and under — strength with the lowest magnetic permeability of the strain-hardened 18-8 grades.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8N Class 1B (304N Stainless)
304N stainless bolting — nitrogen lifts the solution-treated yield to 35 ksi and tensile to 80 ksi without cold work, for larger diameters and higher design stresses.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8N Class 2 (304N Strain Hardened)
Nitrogen-strengthened 304N bolting cold worked to 125 ksi tensile in ¾ in. and under — Class 2 strength on a grade that already starts at 80 ksi annealed.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8MN Class 1B (316N Stainless)
316N stainless bolting — the chloride resistance of 316 with 80 ksi tensile and 35 ksi yield in the solution-treated condition.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8MN Class 2 (316N Strain Hardened)
Nitrogen-strengthened 316N bolting cold worked to 110 ksi tensile in ¾ in. and under — chloride resistance with Class 2 strength.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grades B8LN and B8MLN (304LN / 316LN)
304LN and 316LN bolting — low carbon for weld-zone corrosion resistance, nitrogen to recover the strength that low carbon gives away.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8MLCuN Class 1B (254 SMO, UNS S31254)
254 SMO bolting — a 6 % Mo super austenitic with PREN above 42 for seawater, chlorinated cooling water and flue-gas scrubbers where 316 pits.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A193 / ASME SA-193ASTM A193 Grade B8MLCuN Class 2 (254 SMO Strain Hardened)
6 percent molybdenum super-austenitic bolting cold worked to 110 ksi tensile in ¾ in. and under — seawater-grade corrosion resistance with Class 2 strength.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A320 Grade L7
The low-temperature twin of B7 — same 4140 Cr-Mo steel, same 125 ksi strength, but impact tested at −150 °F for cryogenic and cold-climate service.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A320 / ASME SA-320ASTM A320 Grade L7M
Controlled-hardness L7 for cold sour service — 22 HRC max, NACE MR0175 compliant, Charpy tested at −100 °F.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A320 / ASME SA-320ASTM A320 Grade L43
4340 low-temperature bolting — L7 strength in diameters up to 4 in., thanks to the deep hardenability of a nickel-chrome-moly steel.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A320 / ASME SA-320ASTM A320 Grades L7A, L7B and L7C
The three alternative-chemistry versions of L7 — carbon-moly 4037, chrome-moly 4137 and nickel-chrome-moly 8740 — all to L7 strength and −150 °F toughness.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A320 / ASME SA-320ASTM A320 Grades L70, L71, L72 and L73
Same steels and strength as L7, L7A, L7B and L7C, but Charpy tested at −100 °F — the economical A320 grades when the design temperature does not go all the way to −150 °F.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A320 / ASME SA-320ASTM A320 Grade L1
A boron-treated low-carbon steel for small low-temperature bolting — L7 strength in sizes to 1 in. with twice the impact energy requirement.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A320 Grade B8 Class 1 (304 Stainless)
304 stainless bolting certified to the low-temperature specification — the same 75 ksi solution-treated material as A193 B8, with A320 impact rules and matching A194 Grade 8 nuts.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A320 / ASME SA-320ASTM A320 Grade B8 Class 2 (304 Strain Hardened)
Strain-hardened 304 bolting certified to A320 — 125 ksi tensile in ¾ in. and under, for cryogenic joints that need more bolt strength than annealed stainless.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A320 / ASME SA-320ASTM A320 Grade B8M Class 1 (316 Stainless)
316 stainless bolting certified to the low-temperature specification — chloride resistance for LNG terminals and coastal cold service, impact exempt above −325 °F.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A320 / ASME SA-320ASTM A320 Grade B8M Class 2 (316 Strain Hardened)
Strain-hardened 316 bolting certified to A320 — 110 ksi tensile in ¾ in. and under, for cold-service joints that need chloride resistance and bolt strength together.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A320 / ASME SA-320ASTM A320 Grade B8C (347 Stainless)
347 stainless bolting certified to A320 — niobium stabilized against sensitization, impact exempt above −425 °F, for cold service that also sees weld heat or thermal cycling.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A320 / ASME SA-320ASTM A320 Grade B8T (321 Stainless)
321 stainless bolting certified to A320 — titanium stabilized against sensitization, impact exempt above −325 °F, for cold service on welded stainless equipment.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A320 / ASME SA-320ASTM A320 Grade B8P (305 Stainless)
305 stainless bolting certified to A320 — the high-nickel 18-8 that stays non-magnetic and ductile after cold forming, impact exempt above −425 °F.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A320 / ASME SA-320ASTM A320 Grade B8F (303 Free-Machining Stainless)
303 free-machining stainless bolting certified to A320 — sulfur or selenium for fast, clean machining of complex cold-service fasteners, impact exempt above −325 °F.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A320 / ASME SA-320ASTM A320 Grades B8LN and B8MLN (304LN / 316LN Stainless)
Low-carbon, nitrogen-strengthened 304LN and 316LN bolting certified to A320 — weldable without sensitization and stronger than the plain L grades, Class 1 and 1A only.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A194 Grade 2H
The standard heavy hex nut for A193 B7 studs — quenched and tempered carbon steel, 175 ksi proof load, 24 to 35 HRC.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A194 / ASME SA-194ASTM A194 Grade 2HM
The sour-service heavy hex nut — 2H tempered to 235 HBW max for NACE MR0175, matched to A193 B7M and A320 L7M studs.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A194 / ASME SA-194ASTM A194 Grade 4
A carbon-molybdenum nut grade withdrawn from ASTM A194 — kept here for legacy drawings; Grade 7 is the current alloy-steel nut for B7 and L7 studs.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A194 / ASME SA-194ASTM A194 Grade 7
The Cr-Mo heavy hex nut — same 4140 steel as a B7 stud, rated for elevated temperature and the usual match for B16 and L7.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A194 / ASME SA-194ASTM A194 Grade 7M
Controlled-hardness Cr-Mo nut for sour service at temperature — 235 HBW max, NACE MR0175, for B7M and L7M studs.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A194 / ASME SA-194ASTM A194 Grade 8 (304 Stainless)
304 stainless heavy hex nut for A193 and A320 B8 studs — solution treated, 80 ksi proof load, corrosion resistant from cryogenic to 1500 °F.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A194 / ASME SA-194ASTM A194 Grade 8M (316 Stainless)
316 stainless heavy hex nut for B8M studs — molybdenum-bearing for chloride and marine service, 80 ksi proof load.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A194 / ASME SA-194ASTM A194 Grade 3
The 5 Cr-Mo heavy hex nut for A193 B5 studs — matched corrosion behaviour on hot, sulfur-bearing refinery lines.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A194 / ASME SA-194ASTM A194 Grade 6 (410 Stainless)
The 410 stainless heavy hex nut for A193 B6 studs — hardened and tempered, 20 to 28 HRC, for valve and steam service.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A194 / ASME SA-194ASTM A194 Grade 8C (347 Stainless)
347 stainless heavy hex nut for B8C studs — stabilised against sensitisation for hot hydrogen, refinery and welded stainless service.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A194 / ASME SA-194ASTM A194 Grade 8T (321 Stainless)
321 stainless heavy hex nut for B8T studs — titanium stabilised for hot, cyclic and welded 321 equipment.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A194 / ASME SA-194ASTM A194 Grade 8R (Nitronic 50 / XM-19)
Nitronic 50 heavy hex nut for B8R studs — high-strength, non-magnetic and seawater resistant; 80 ksi proof load.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A194 / ASME SA-194ASTM A194 Grade 8S (Nitronic 60)
Nitronic 60 heavy hex nut — the anti-galling nut for stainless studs, assembled dry without seizing; 80 ksi proof load.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A194 / ASME SA-194ASTM A194 Grade 16
The Cr-Mo-V heavy hex nut that matches A193 B16 studs — for steam turbine and high-temperature steam flange bolting.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A194 / ASME SA-194ASTM A194 Grade 43
The 4340 heavy hex nut — the deep-hardening companion to A320 L43 studs and an alternative to Grade 7 on large low-temperature joints.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A453 Grade 660 (A-286)
A-286 bolting for the hottest joints — 130 ksi at room temperature and rated by stress-rupture at 1200 °F, for gas and steam turbines, exhaust and high-temperature process equipment.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A1082 bolting · ASTM A564 bar17-4 PH Stainless (Type 630, UNS S17400)
The high-strength stainless — up to 190 ksi in H900, or 115 to 135 ksi with real toughness in the H1150 conditions — for pump shafts, valve stems, subsea and aerospace fasteners.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A1082 bolting · ASTM A276 / A479 bar · ASTM A182 F51 / F60Duplex 2205 Stainless (UNS S31803 / S32205)
Twice the yield strength of 316 with far better chloride stress-corrosion resistance — the standard duplex for offshore, seawater and sour-service bolting.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A1082 bolting · ASTM A276 / A479 bar · ASTM A182 F53Super Duplex 2507 Stainless (UNS S32750)
25 Cr super duplex with a PREN above 40 — 116 ksi tensile and 80 ksi yield for the most aggressive seawater, sour and chloride bolting.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A1082 bolting · ASTM A276 / A479 bar · ASTM A182 F55Super Duplex Zeron 100 (UNS S32760, F55)
The copper-tungsten super duplex with a guaranteed PREN of 40 — the F55 bolting grade for North Sea, Gulf of Mexico and West African offshore projects.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A564 bar · AMS 565915-5 PH Stainless (XM-12, UNS S15500)
17-4 PH strength with better transverse toughness — the premium PH stainless for forgings, pump shafts and aerospace and valve fasteners.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A1082 bolting · ASTM A564 bar17-7 PH Stainless (Type 631, UNS S17700)
The spring-and-sheet PH stainless — formable in the annealed condition, then transformed and aged to 185 ksi for springs, washers, clips and high-strength small fasteners.
Chemistry & properties →SAE Grade 5 / ASTM A449 Bolts (120 ksi)
The everyday high-strength bolt: quenched and tempered medium-carbon steel at 120 ksi to 1 in., stepping down for larger sizes — Grade 5 in SAE terms, A449 in ASTM terms.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A354 Grade BD · SAE J429 Grade 8SAE Grade 8 / ASTM A354 Grade BD Bolts (150 ksi)
The high-strength alloy bolt: quenched and tempered alloy steel at 150 ksi tensile and 130 ksi yield in all sizes to 4 in. — Grade 8 in SAE terms, A354 BD in ASTM terms.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A354 Grade BCASTM A354 Grade BC Bolts (125 ksi)
Alloy steel bolting between Grade 5 and Grade 8: 125 ksi tensile and 109 ksi yield in sizes to 2½ in., 115 ksi above — the anchor-bolt and large-stud grade that holds its strength in big diameters.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A307 · SAE J429 Grade 2 equivalentASTM A307 Grade A and B Bolts (60 ksi)
The general-purpose carbon steel bolt: 60 ksi tensile, not heat treated, weldable and galvanizable — Grade A for general use, Grade B for flanged pipe joints with a 100 ksi cap.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F3125/F3125M Grade A325 · Type 1 and Type 3ASTM F3125 Grade A325 Structural Bolts (120 ksi)
The structural steel connection bolt: heavy hex head, 120 ksi tensile, ½ to 1½ in., quenched and tempered, with the twist-off F1852 and metric A325M variants in the same specification.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F3125/F3125M Grade A490 · Type 1 and Type 3ASTM F3125 Grade A490 Structural Bolts (150 ksi)
The high-strength structural bolt: alloy steel, 150 to 173 ksi tensile, ½ to 1½ in., never hot-dip galvanized — with the twist-off F2280 and metric A490M variants in the same specification.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A540 / ASME SA-540ASTM A540 Grades B21, B22, B23, B24 Bolting (Pressure Vessel and Nuclear)
The pressure-vessel and nuclear bolting specification: four alloy steels in five strength classes from 120 to 165 ksi, with Charpy impact requirements and tight chemistry — the material behind SA-540 B23 Class 2 studs on reactor and compressor closures.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F1554ASTM F1554 Grades 36, 55 and 105 Anchor Bolts
The anchor-bolt specification: Grade 36 carbon steel, Grade 55 weldable higher strength, and Grade 105 quenched-and-tempered alloy — straight, bent or headed, plain or galvanized, ½ to 4 in. (Grade 105 to 3 in.)
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A574 · ASME B18.3ASTM A574 Alloy Steel Socket Head Cap Screws (170–180 ksi)
The socket head cap screw specification: alloy steel quenched and tempered to 180 ksi in ½ in. and smaller and 170 ksi above, 37 to 44 HRC, black oxide — the standard for tooling, machinery and die work.
Chemistry & properties →ISO 898-1 · ASTM F568MProperty Classes 4.6 and 5.8 Metric Bolts (ISO 898-1 / ASTM F568M)
The metric low-strength classes: 4.6 at 400 MPa (58 ksi), the metric A307, and 5.8 at 520 MPa (75 ksi) cold worked — for general bolting, threaded rod and anchors.
Chemistry & properties →ISO 898-1 · ASTM F568M Class 8.8Property Class 8.8 Metric Bolts (ISO 898-1 / ASTM F568M)
The metric Grade 5: medium-carbon steel quenched and tempered to 830 MPa (120 ksi) tensile and 660 MPa yield — the general-purpose high-strength metric bolt, equivalent to A449 and A325.
Chemistry & properties →ISO 898-1 · ASTM F568M Class 10.9Property Class 10.9 Metric Bolts (ISO 898-1 / ASTM F568M)
The metric Grade 8: alloy steel quenched and tempered to 1040 MPa (150 ksi) tensile and 940 MPa yield, 33 to 39 HRC — equivalent to A354 BD and A490 in the inch system.
Chemistry & properties →ISO 898-1 · ASTM F568M Class 12.9Property Class 12.9 Metric Bolts (ISO 898-1 / ASTM F568M)
The strongest standard metric class: alloy steel at 1220 MPa (177 ksi) tensile and 1100 MPa yield, 38 to 44 HRC — the socket head cap screw class, equivalent to A574 in inches.
Chemistry & properties →ISO 3506-1 · ASTM F738MA2-50, A2-70 and A2-80 Stainless Metric Fasteners (ISO 3506 / ASTM F738M)
The metric 304 bolt: A2 is the 18-8 austenitic group, and the number is the tensile strength in tens of MPa — A2-70 at 700 MPa cold worked is the standard stainless bolt on metric drawings.
Chemistry & properties →ISO 3506-1 · ASTM F738MA4-50, A4-70 and A4-80 Stainless Metric Fasteners (ISO 3506 / ASTM F738M)
The metric 316 bolt: A4 is the molybdenum-bearing austenitic group for chloride and marine service, and A4-80 at 800 MPa strain hardened is the strongest standard stainless metric fastener.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F835 · ASME B18.3ASTM F835 Alloy Steel Socket Button and Flat Head Cap Screws
The low-head socket screws: button and flat countersunk heads in alloy steel at 144 ksi (½ in. and smaller) and 136 ksi above, 37 to 44 HRC — rated below A574 because the shallow head, not the shank, limits the load.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F912 · ASME B18.3ASTM F912 Alloy Steel Socket Set Screws
The socket set screw specification: alloy steel through hardened to 45 to 53 HRC, torque tested rather than tensile tested, with cup, flat, cone, oval and half-dog points — black oxide finished.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F880 · ASME B18.3ASTM F880 Stainless Steel Socket Set Screws
The stainless socket set screw specification: 303, 304, 316 and related austenitic grades in annealed or cold-worked condition, torque tested by size, passivated — for shafts and collars in corrosive and food service.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F879 · ASME B18.3ASTM F879 Stainless Steel Socket Button and Flat Head Cap Screws
The stainless low-head socket screws: button and flat countersunk heads in 304 or 316, annealed at 85 ksi maximum or cold worked to 80 and 102 ksi minimum, passivated.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F837-20 · ASME B18.3ASTM F837 Stainless Steel Socket Head Cap Screws
The stainless socket head cap screw specification: 304-group and 316-group alloys annealed or cold worked, or 410 hardened and tempered to 180 ksi, passivated and dimensioned to ASME B18.3 — the corrosion-resistant counterpart of A574.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F2281ASTM F2281 Heat-Resisting and High-Temperature Bolts, Cap Screws and Studs
The commercial high-temperature bolting specification: stainless and nickel-alloy bolts, cap screws and studs for heat-resisting service, from annealed 304 at 75 ksi to aged 718 at 185 ksi, with elevated-temperature properties as a supplementary requirement.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A563 / A563MASTM A563 Carbon and Alloy Steel Nuts (Grades A, B, C, D, DH, DH3)
The nut specification for carbon and alloy steel bolting: Grade A for A307, Grade B for cast-iron flanges, C and D for 105 to 120 ksi bolts, and DH and DH3 heat treated for A325, A490, A354 and Grade 8 — with proof stress by grade and style.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F594ASTM F594 Stainless Steel Nuts
The stainless nut specification: the same alloy groups and conditions as F593 bolts, with proof stress from 70 ksi annealed to 120 ksi strain hardened for austenitic grades and 160 ksi for hardened 410.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F436 / F436MASTM F436 Hardened Steel Washers
The hardened washer for structural and high-strength bolting: through hardened to 38 to 45 HRC, flat, clipped or beveled, plain or galvanized — required under the turned element of A325 and A490 assemblies.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F468 · ASME B18.2.1 / B18.3ASTM F468 Nonferrous Bolts, Hex Cap Screws, Socket Head Cap Screws and Studs
The nonferrous bolt specification: brass, bronze, copper-nickel, Monel, Inconel, Hastelloy, aluminium and titanium bolts, cap screws and studs, each alloy with its own strength, hardness and marking — the specification to call up when the joint cannot be steel.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F467 · ASME B18.2.2ASTM F467 Nonferrous Nuts
The companion of F468: nuts in the same brass, bronze, copper-nickel, Monel, Inconel, Hastelloy, aluminium and titanium alloys, each with a proof stress for hex and heavy hex styles and a minimum hardness.
Chemistry & properties →304 Stainless Steel (UNS S30400)
The general-purpose 18-8 stainless: 75 ksi annealed bar, cold-worked bolts to 160 ksi, non-magnetic, and resistant to water, food and most mild chemicals.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A276 bar · ASTM F593 bolts304L Stainless Steel (UNS S30403)
304 with carbon held to 0.030 percent so welds and heat-affected zones do not sensitize — the choice for welded assemblies and parts that will be heated in service.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A276 bar302 Stainless Steel (UNS S30200)
The original 18-8, with carbon to 0.15 percent for a little more strength in cold-worked springs and formed parts; largely replaced by 304 for fasteners.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A582 bar · ASTM F593 bolts303 Free-Machining Stainless Steel (UNS S30300)
304 with sulfur added for fast, clean machining — the grade for complex turned fasteners and fittings where corrosion resistance can give a little.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A276 bar · ASTM F593 bolts316 Stainless Steel (UNS S31600)
The marine and chemical-plant stainless: 2 to 3 percent molybdenum for pitting and crevice resistance in chlorides, with the same strength tables as 304.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A276 bar · ASTM F593 bolts316L Stainless Steel (UNS S31603)
316 with carbon held to 0.030 percent for welded and heated service in chloride environments — the standard grade for pharmaceutical, chemical and offshore skids.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A276 bar · ASTM F593 bolts321 Stainless Steel (UNS S32100)
18-8 stabilized with titanium so it can be welded and run hot without sensitizing — the stainless for exhaust, expansion joints and furnace hardware.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A276 bar · ASTM F593 bolts347 Stainless Steel (UNS S34700)
18-8 stabilized with niobium for welded and high-temperature service — the refinery and power-plant stainless for hydrogen, hydrocarbon and steam hardware.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A276 bar · ASTM F593 bolts410 Stainless Steel (UNS S41000)
The basic hardenable stainless: 12 percent chromium, heat treatable to 120 ksi and beyond, magnetic, and corrosion resistant in mild atmospheres — for valve trim, pump parts and high-strength stainless bolts.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A582 bar · ASTM F593 bolts416 Free-Machining Stainless Steel (UNS S41600)
410 with sulfur added — the most machinable of all stainless steels, heat treatable to 190 ksi bolts, for turned pins, shafts, fittings and set screws.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A276 bar · ASTM F593 bolts431 Stainless Steel (UNS S43100)
The strongest and most corrosion resistant of the common martensitic grades: 16 percent chromium with nickel, heat treatable to 220 ksi bolts, for marine shafts, pump parts and high-strength stainless fasteners.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A565 Grade 616422 Stainless Steel (UNS S42200, ASTM A565 Grade 616)
The turbine bolting stainless: 12-chrome steel alloyed with molybdenum, tungsten and vanadium for creep strength to 1200 °F, heat treated to 140 ksi.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A276 bar440C Stainless Steel (UNS S44004)
The hardest stainless steel: about 1 percent carbon and 17 percent chromium, heat treatable to 58 to 60 HRC, for bearings, valve balls and seats, and wear-resistant machined parts.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A276 bar · ASTM A193 B8R boltsNitronic 50® Stainless Steel (UNS S20910, XM-19)
Nearly twice the yield strength of 316 with better corrosion resistance, non-magnetic even after cold work — the marine and sour-service austenitic for shafts, valves and high-strength bolting.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A276 bar · ASTM A193 B8S boltsNitronic 60® Stainless Steel (UNS S21800)
The anti-galling stainless: silicon and manganese give it a wear-resistant surface, so nuts and threads assemble dry without seizing — for valve stems, nuts and repeatedly assembled joints.
Chemistry & properties →Monel 400 (UNS N04400)
The nickel-copper alloy that shrugs off seawater, brine and hydrofluoric acid — the classic marine and chemical fastener material, non-sparking and tough to cryogenic temperatures.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F468 / F467 fasteners · ASTM B865 barMonel K-500 (UNS N05500)
Monel 400 corrosion resistance with more than twice the strength — 130 ksi tensile, 90 ksi yield and 24 to 37 HRC — for pump shafts, subsea fasteners and oil-tool components.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B637 bar · AMS 5662 / 5663 · API 6A CRAInconel 718 (UNS N07718)
The premier high-strength nickel superalloy — 185 ksi tensile and 150 ksi yield from cryogenic temperatures to 1200 °F, with corrosion and sour-gas resistance to match.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B166 barInconel 600 (UNS N06600)
The general-purpose nickel-chromium alloy — oxidation resistant to 2000 °F, immune to chloride stress-corrosion cracking, for furnace, heat-treat and nuclear hardware.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B446 bar · ASTM F468 / F467 fastenersInconel 625 (UNS N06625)
The corrosion all-rounder — 120 ksi in the annealed condition, resistant to seawater, sour gas, acids and oxidation to 1800 °F, and the F468 nickel fastener grade Ni 625.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B408 barIncoloy 800 / 800H / 800HT (UNS N08800 / N08810 / N08811)
The economical high-temperature alloy — 32 % nickel, 21 % chromium — for furnace, reformer and heat-exchanger hardware from 1000 to 1800 °F.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B574 rod · ASTM F468 / F467 fastenersHastelloy C-276 (UNS N10276)
The universal chemical-process alloy — resists oxidising and reducing acids, wet chlorine and sour gas — and the F468 fastener grade Ni 276.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B574 rodHastelloy C-22 (UNS N06022)
The higher-chromium C alloy — better than C-276 in oxidising acids, ferric and cupric chlorides and wet chlorine, with the same resistance to pitting and stress-corrosion cracking.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B335 rod · F468 / F467 list the related N10001 alloyHastelloy B-2 (UNS N10665)
The hydrochloric-acid alloy — 28 % molybdenum for all concentrations of HCl and other reducing acids — and the F468 fastener grade Ni 335.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B572 rodHastelloy X (UNS N06002)
The combustion-zone alloy — oxidation resistant to 2200 °F with good creep strength — for gas-turbine, furnace and afterburner hardware.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B473 barAlloy 20 (Carpenter 20Cb-3, UNS N08020)
The sulfuric-acid alloy — 3.5 % copper and 2.5 % molybdenum in a stabilised 35 % nickel base — for acid plants, pickling lines and pharmaceutical process equipment.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B691 barAL-6XN (UNS N08367)
The 6 % Mo super austenitic in nickel-alloy classification — PREN about 43 at minimum chemistry (typically about 45) for seawater, brine and chlorinated water — with 95 ksi tensile in the annealed bar.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B637Inconel® X-750 (UNS N07750)
The spring and fastener superalloy: age hardened to 170 ksi, holds its strength to 1300 °F and stays tough at cryogenic temperature — for turbine bolting, springs and nuclear and rocket hardware.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B637Nimonic® 80A (UNS N07080)
The exhaust-valve and turbine-bolting superalloy: an 80/20 nickel-chromium alloy age hardened by titanium and aluminium, creep resistant to 1500 °F.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B637Inconel® 725 (UNS N07725)
Age-hardened 625: the corrosion resistance of Inconel 625 with 150 ksi strength, NACE listed for sour service — the subsea and downhole fastener alloy.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B637Incoloy® 925 (UNS N09925)
Age-hardened 825: an iron-nickel alloy with 140 ksi strength, sour-gas and chloride resistance and NACE approval — the economical downhole and wellhead fastener alloy.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B425 (bar) · ASTM B564 (forgings)Incoloy® 825 (UNS N08825)
The acid and sour-gas alloy: nickel-iron-chromium with molybdenum and copper for sulfuric and phosphoric acid, chlorides and hydrogen sulfide — for chemical plant, pollution control and oilfield fasteners.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B408Incoloy® 800H / 800HT (UNS N08810 / N08811)
Incoloy 800 with controlled carbon and grain size for creep strength above 1100 °F — the furnace, reformer and heat-treatment fixture alloy, weldable and stable to 1800 °F.
Chemistry & properties →Free-Cutting Brass C36000
The fastest-machining engineering metal — 3 percent lead brass for turned fittings, terminals, valve parts and volume screw-machine work.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F468 / F467 fasteners · ASTM B21 rod and barNaval Brass C46400
The marine brass — 1 percent tin for seawater resistance — and the ASTM F468 structural brass fastener alloy (F468D).
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F468 / F467 fasteners · ASTM B36 / B927Cartridge Brass C26000
The 70-30 brass for cold-headed and formed hardware — 60 to 90 ksi as a fastener under F468, with deep-drawing ductility.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F468 / F467 fasteners · ASTM B139 rodPhosphor Bronze C51000 / C54400
The spring and fatigue bronze — 5 percent tin with phosphorus for elasticity, wear and corrosion resistance; C54400 is the free-machining version.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F468 / F467 fasteners · ASTM B98 rodLow-Silicon Bronze C65100
The silicon bronze for cold-headed screws and bolts — 70 to 100 ksi in small sizes under F468, with the corrosion resistance and warm colour of bronze.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F468 / F467 fasteners · ASTM B98 rodHigh-Silicon Bronze C65500
The strongest common silicon bronze in bar form, 90 ksi in hard temper and 100 ksi extra-hard in small rod — for machined marine fasteners, valve stems and pump parts.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F468 / F467 fasteners · ASTM B150 rod and barAluminum Bronze C61400
The 7 percent aluminum bronze — 75 to 110 ksi as a fastener, weldable, and resistant to seawater, brine and dilute acids.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F468 / F467 fasteners · ASTM B150 rod and barNickel-Aluminum Bronze C63000
Steel-like strength in a bronze — 100 to 130 ksi as a fastener — with seawater, cavitation and wear resistance for propellers, pumps, valve seats and subsea hardware.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM F468 / F467 fasteners · ASTM B150 rod and barAluminum-Silicon Bronze C64200
The screw-machine aluminum bronze — 75 to 110 ksi with 60 percent machinability — for valve stems, pump parts and turned marine fasteners.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B505 continuous-cast barBearing Bronze C93200 (SAE 660)
The workhorse bearing bronze — SAE 660 — for bushings, thrust washers and wear parts machined from continuous-cast bar.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B505 continuous-cast barCast Aluminum Bronze C95400
The general-purpose cast aluminum bronze — 85 ksi as cast, 95 ksi heat treated — for heavy-duty bushings, gears, valve seats and wear parts.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM B505 continuous-cast barCast Nickel-Aluminum Bronze C95500
The strongest common cast bronze — 95 ksi as cast, 110 ksi heat treated — for propeller hubs, seawater valve bodies, gears and the heaviest wear applications.
Chemistry & properties →AISI 4140 Alloy Steel (UNS G41400)
The workhorse Cr-Mo steel behind B7, L7 and Grade 7 — the bar stock for studs, shafts, couplings and any part that needs 100 to 150 ksi and good toughness.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A322 bar · ASTM A434 Q&T barAISI 4340 Alloy Steel (UNS G43400)
The deep-hardening high-strength steel — 4340 reaches 155 ksi and beyond in large sections — for crankshafts, drilling tools, aircraft parts and A320 L43 bolting.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A108 cold-finished bar · chemistry per ASTM A29 / SAE J4031018 Carbon Steel (UNS G10180)
The everyday machining steel: low carbon, easily welded and case hardened, cold drawn for a clean finish — for pins, spacers, brackets and non-critical machined parts.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A108 cold-finished bar · chemistry per ASTM A29 / SAE J4031020 Carbon Steel (UNS G10200)
A low-carbon steel close to 1018 with lower manganese — weldable, formable and case hardenable, for shafts, pins and general machined parts.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A108 cold-finished bar · chemistry per ASTM A29 / SAE J4031045 Carbon Steel (UNS G10450)
The medium-carbon workhorse: hardenable by quench and temper, induction hardenable at the surface, strong as drawn — for shafts, axles, studs, gears and hydraulic components.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A108 / A29 bar1117 Free-Machining Carbon Steel (UNS G11170)
Low-carbon steel with added sulfur and manganese for fast machining and a good carburized case — the screw-machine grade for case-hardened pins, gears and fittings.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A108 / A29 / A311 bar1144 Free-Machining Carbon Steel (UNS G11440)
Medium-carbon free-machining steel that is strong straight from the bar: about 108 ksi cold drawn, machines well, hardens by induction — the Stressproof® family grade for shafts and studs without heat treatment.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A108 / A29 bar12L14 Leaded Free-Machining Steel (UNS G12144)
The fastest-machining steel there is: lead, sulfur and phosphorus give short chips and a bright finish at high speed — for high-volume screw-machine fittings, pins and adapters in light duty.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A322 / A434 alloy steel bar4142 Alloy Steel (UNS G41420)
4140's higher-carbon sibling: the same chromium-molybdenum steel with 0.40 to 0.45 percent carbon for a little more hardenability and strength in large sections — quenched and tempered to A434 Class BB, BC or BD.
Chemistry & properties →AMS 6427 (aircraft quality) · AMS 6411 (vacuum-arc remelted)4330V Modified Alloy Steel
A 4340-class steel with lower carbon and a vanadium addition for toughness: 220 to 240 ksi with good impact resistance — the aerospace and oil-tool grade for highly stressed components.
Chemistry & properties →AMS 6257 · AMS 6419 · AMS 6417 (vacuum-arc remelted)300M Ultra-High-Strength Alloy Steel
4340 with about 1.6 percent silicon and vanadium for 280 ksi and above — one of the highest-strength low-alloy steels, and the standard landing-gear alloy.
Chemistry & properties →Proprietary (Niagara LaSalle e.t.d. 150®) · producer states it meets AMS 6378ETD150 Elevated-Temperature-Drawn Steel
A 4100-series alloy steel drawn at elevated temperature to 150 ksi tensile minimum with no heat treatment — for shafts, studs and hydraulic components machined straight from the bar.
Chemistry & properties →ASTM A36 / A36MASTM A36 Structural Carbon Steel
The structural steel: 36 ksi yield, 58 to 80 ksi tensile, weldable and available in every shape — for anchor bolts, stay rods, U-bolts, plates and brackets made from bar and plate.
Chemistry & properties →BS 970-1 (817M40) · nearest EN 10083-3 grade 34CrNiMo6817M40 / EN24 Alloy Steel
The British counterpart of 4340: a nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel supplied hardened and tempered to condition T (850 to 1000 MPa) and above — for drawings written to BS 970 or EN24.
Chemistry & properties →Standard bolting grades.
High-temperature and high-pressure alloy and stainless bolting. Class 1 is solution treated; Class 2 is strain hardened for strength.
Charpy impact tested alloy bolting, and the austenitic grades certified for sub-zero service.
Precipitation-hardening superalloy and duplex bolting systems.
Grade 5 and 8, metric classes 4.6 to 12.9, A2 and A4 stainless, structural A325 and A490, A307, A354, A449, A540, F1554 anchor bolts, socket and set-screw specifications, and the matching nut and washer specifications.